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Editorial Articles


Issue no 37, 14 - 20 December 2024

COP29: Progress in Climate Action Amidst Contentions

Sujeet Yadav

The 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change concluded on November 24, 2024 with a combination of breakthroughs and setbacks. Although progress was made in areas such as climate finance and carbon markets, the outcomes underscored the complex dynamics of global climate diplomacy.

Climate change, often referred to as the defining crisis of our time, impacts the developed and developing worlds in profoundly unequal ways. Wealthier nations, with greater resources, generally possess robust infrastructure and adaptive capacities to mitigate its worst effects. In contrast, developing countries, many of which are least responsible for global emissions, bear the brunt of climate-related disasters, grappling with escalating challenges such as rising sea levels, desertification, and erratic weather patterns.

This disparity in impact has long been a contentious issue in global climate negotiations. At the recently concluded COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, these divides were once again at the forefront. While the conference achieved some milestones, it also highlighted the persistent inequities and lack of ambition that threaten global progress.

 Key Achievements of COP29

1. Tripling Climate Finance: A major breakthrough was the agreement to triple climate finance for developing nations, raising the target from $100 billion to $300 billion annually by 2035. This new goal, known as the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG), aims to mobilise $1.3 trillion annually through a mix of public and private funding. While this represents progress, many representatives from developing countries expressed dissatisfaction, arguing that the amount remains insufficient to meet their urgent needs for adaptation and mitigation.

2. Operationalisation of Carbon Markets: COP29 successfully established rules for international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. This development, a decade in the making, includes guidelines for bilateral emissions trading and the creation of an international carbon market mechanism. Proponents argue that these measures will facilitate quicker and more cost-effective emissions reduction. However, critics have labelled this a "carbon coup," warning that it could enable loopholes for fossil fuel emissions rather than enforce stricter climate action.

3. Baku Adaptation Roadmap: The conference introduced the Baku Adaptation Roadmap, which outlines a framework to enhance global adaptation efforts. This initiative includes the development of indicators to measure adaptation progress, which will be refined ahead of COP30 in Brazil.

4. Inclusion of Indigenous Peoples: A significant step forward was the adoption of the Baku Workplan, which emphasises the inclusion of Indigenous peoples and local communities in climate action. This decision recognises their critical role in addressing climate challenges and ensures their voices are heard in negotiations.

 Criticisms and Controversies

Despite the progress made at COP29, the summit faced significant criticism, particularly from developing nations and climate activists. A major concern was the lack of a clear commitment to phasing out fossil fuels, with this critical issue being deferred to future discussions, leading to accusations of insufficient urgency. Additionally, while the tripling of climate finance was seen as a step forward, many representatives from Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) expressed dissatisfaction, arguing that the financial commitments fell short of the £1.3 trillion annual demand by 2030. Azerbaijan's role as the host country also attracted criticism, with its status as a petrostate raising doubts about its commitment to genuine climate action, particularly after President Mr. Ilham Aliyev referred to oil and gas as "gifts from God." Further concerns were raised over restricted participation by civil society, including activists and journalists, with Azerbaijan's human rights record being a point of contention, leading to accusations that such restrictions undermined the inclusivity necessary for effective climate negotiations.

 The Broader Context: Developing vs Developed World

The tensions observed at COP29 in Baku highlight a significant and ongoing divide between developing and developed nations on climate action. This rift stems from historical responsibilities, economic dependencies, and differing expectations for financial and technological support.

1. Responsibility vs. Vulnerability

·       Historical Emissions and Accountability: Developed nations have been the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, which have driven the current climate crisis. This historical context creates a moral obligation for these nations to assist developing countries, which, despite their minimal contribution to climate change, are disproportionately affected by its impacts. Developing nations argue for substantial financial and technological assistance to help them adapt to climate change and transition to greener economies. However, developed nations have often been reluctant to provide adequate support, citing their own economic challenges or prioritising domestic issues.

·       Disproportionate Impact on Developing Nations: Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as extreme weather, rising sea levels, and food insecurity. Many of these nations emphasise the need for both adaptation and mitigation support, in line with their development goals. The frustration voiced by developing nations at COP29 reflects their urgent need for resources that match the scale of their vulnerability.

2. Fossil Fuel Dependency and Just Transition

·       Economic Reliance on Fossil Fuels: While developed nations push for rapid reductions in fossil fuel use to combat climate change, many developing countries highlight the need for a "just transition." This concept acknowledges that transitioning away from fossil fuels must consider the economic realities of nations dependent on these resources for energy security and economic stability. For instance, fossil fuel extraction provides jobs, revenue, and energy in many developing nations, making it essential to ensure that any transition offers alternative livelihoods and energy solutions without exacerbating existing inequalities.

·       Stalled Consensus on Transition Strategies: The lack of consensus on how to achieve a just transition has stalled negotiations. Developed nations advocate for aggressive decarbonisation without adequately addressing the socio-economic consequences for developing countries. This disconnect has caused tensions, as developing nations seek assurances that their economic interests will be safeguarded while still committing to global climate goals.

3. Climate Finance: A Central Point of Contention

·       New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG): At COP29, developed nations agreed to a new climate finance target of $300 billion annually by 2035 for developing countries. However, this figure falls far short of the $1.3 trillion annually that developing nations argue is necessary to effectively tackle climate impacts and transition to low-carbon economies. Many developing nations expressed disappointment, feeling that this commitment does not reflect the urgency or scale of funding required.

·       Critique of Financial Mechanisms: The financial mechanisms discussed at COP29 also received criticism. Developed countries proposed a mix of public and private funding sources, including loans and debt swaps, which many developing nations viewed as inadequate compared to the grants they urgently need. The lack of clarity around the definition of "climate finance" within the UN framework further complicated matters, raising concerns over accountability and transparency in the allocation of funds.

The Road Ahead: Preparing for COP30

As we look toward COP30 in Belém, in November, 2025, the need for stronger ambition and equitable solutions in climate negotiations is more urgent than ever. Scaling up climate finance, committing to the phase-out of fossil fuels, strengthening adaptation and loss -and -damage mechanisms, and ensuring inclusive dialogue for all stakeholders will be critical to achieving meaningful progress. These priorities will not only shape future climate actions but also ensure that vulnerable nations and communities are supported in their efforts to mitigate and adapt to the ongoing climate crisis.

India's Stance at the COP29

India took a bold stance, particularly in rejecting the proposed climate finance deal that set a target of $300 billion annually by 2035 for developing nations. Indian negotiator Ms. Chandni Raina sharply criticised this figure as "abysmally poor" and "paltry," given that developing nations had been calling for $1.3 trillion annually to effectively tackle climate change and transition to greener economies. Beyond the financial inadequacy, India voiced concerns about the rushed approval process, which lacked transparency and inclusivity.

India positioned itself as a key advocate for the Global South, aligning with countries like Nigeria and Bolivia that shared similar frustrations over insufficient financial commitments. This rejection was not only about securing adequate funding but also about reinforcing the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities." India argued that developed nations, as the largest historical contributors to emissions, should bear a greater financial responsibility in supporting the climate ambitions of developing nations.

Despite its criticism of the deal, India has been making substantial strides in its domestic climate action. It presented its own ambitious renewable energy goals and sustainable development initiatives as evidence of its commitment to addressing climate change while pursuing economic growth. India's call for greater trust and collaboration in the global climate negotiation process underscored the necessity for developed nations to meet their financial obligations. Without adequate support, it argued, developing countries would struggle to meet their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.

India's stance at COP29 reflected the broader dissatisfaction among developing nations over the perceived inadequacy of financial commitments from wealthier countries. By rejecting the deal and advocating for a more equitable financial approach, India continues to assert its leadership role in global climate negotiations, striving to ensure that the needs and voices of developing countries are prioritised in the fight against climate change. This assertiveness is key to shaping the future direction of international climate diplomacy.

Baku Workplan: Integrating Indigenous Knowledge in Global Climate Action

Bridging Knowledge Systems

The Baku Workplan reflects a collaborative effort among diverse stakeholders to highlight the importance of indigenous ecological knowledge in tackling climate challenges. It emphasises the integration of traditional wisdom-rooted in generations of sustainable living practices-with modern scientific approaches. This synergy not only strengthens the effectiveness of climate policies but also ensures they respect and preserve cultural heritage, creating solutions that are both scientifically robust and culturally meaningful.

Core Pillars of the Workplan

1. Knowledge Exchange: A central tenet of the workplan is fostering dialogue between indigenous communities and scientific institutions. This exchange ensures that climate strategies are informed by both empirical data and deeply rooted cultural practices, creating solutions that are adaptable and contextually relevant.

2. Capacity Building for Representation: Recognising the systemic barriers faced by indigenous peoples in engaging with international platforms, the workplan includes robust measures to enhance their participation. Training programmes and resource provision aim to empower these communities to effectively communicate their perspectives and influence global climate policies.

3. Integration of Indigenous Worldviews: By embedding indigenous values into the global climate agenda, the workplan acknowledges the profound insights these communities offer. This integrative approach aspires to create climate solutions that honour both environmental imperatives and cultural heritage.

Innovative Engagement Strategies

The Baku Workplan introduces pioneering methods to amplify Indigenous participation:

·       "Seventh-Generation" Roundtables: Inspired by Indigenous philosophies of sustainability, these forums encourage long-term thinking by evaluating the impacts of decisions on future generations.

·       Regional Collaborations: Targeted initiatives foster alliances among Indigenous groups across geographical regions, enhancing their collective voice and influence in global negotiations.

Gender-Responsive Implementation

The workplan is underpinned by a commitment to gender responsiveness, ensuring the inclusion of both women's and men's perspectives in climate actions. By addressing gender dynamics, the initiative acknowledges the differentiated experiences and contributions of various groups to climate resilience.

Future Pathways and Impacts

Implementation Timeline: Beginning in 2025, the Baku Workplan will initiate with a workshop for newly appointed Facilitative Working Group (FWG) members to outline priorities. A comprehensive progress review is slated for 2027, serving as a benchmark for refining the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (LCIPP) work plan.

Broader Implications: By embracing the Baku Workplan, COP29 has set a precedent for inclusive climate governance. This framework not only amplifies the voices of Indigenous Peoples but also enriches the global response to climate challenges by incorporating diverse perspectives and knowledge systems.

The Baku Workplan represents a profound commitment to elevating Indigenous Peoples and local communities as key contributors to global climate solutions. Their unique connections to their lands and traditions offer insights that are indispensable for addressing the dual imperatives of environmental sustainability and social equity.

(The author is correspondent of an international multimedia platform. Feedback on this article can be sent to feedback.employmentnews@gmail.com) Views expressed are personal.