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Special Content


Issue no 13, 29 June - 05 July 2024

Nalanda University: From Ruins to Revival of

an Ancient Seat of Learning

EN Explain

 

Knowledge has always held the highest place in India's rich heritage. From childhood, we have been taught how it is an invaluable treasure. On June 19, 2024, when Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated the new campus of Nalanda University, once again honouring the radiant Source of Knowledge. On this occasion, PM Shri Modi said, "Nalanda is the declaration of this truth that even though books may burn in the flames, the flames cannot extinguish knowledge”. Historically, Nalanda was a bustling intellectual hub, attracting scholars from across Asia for over eight centuries. Nalanda wasn't just a place of education; it was a melting pot of ideas, fostering discourse in subjects ranging from philosophy to astronomy. Tragically, this intellectual beacon was destroyed centuries ago. However, the story of Nalanda doesn't end there. From its majestic ruins rose a powerful dream: to revive this ancient seat of knowledge and reignite its flame for the modern world. This is the remarkable journey of Nalanda University, a testament to the enduring power of learning and the quest to reclaim a lost legacy.

Tracing the Ancient Glory to Modern Revival

·       The Gupta dynasty, known for its patronage of the arts and sciences, established Nalanda University in 427 AD under the reign of Emperor Kumaragupta I.

·       The term 'Nalanda' originates from the Sanskrit words 'Nalam' which translates to lotus, a symbol of knowledge, while 'Da' means to give. Thus, 'Nalanda' signifies 'the giver of knowledge' or 'the one who bestows lotus (knowledge).' Following the establishment of the Mahavihara within its grounds, the name evolved to 'Nalanda Mahavihara.' Over time, Nalanda University became a renowned centre of learning, attracting students from various regions including Java, China, Tibet, Sri Lanka, and Korea.

·       During the visit of the Chinese traveller Xuanzang to India, Nalanda University was home to approximately 8,500 students and 1,510 teachers. Some of the distinguished teachers at the time included Shilabhadra, Dharmapala, Chandrapala, Gunamati, Sthiramati, Prabhamitra, Jinamitra, Gyanchandra, Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu, Asanga, and Dharmakirti.

·       Reflecting its academic significance, Nalanda's campus was an architectural marvel, comprising eight separate compounds, ten temples, numerous meditation halls, and 300 rooms, along with schools and hostels scattered throughout the complex. The serene lakes and gardens surrounding the structures provided a tranquil setting that was ideal for contemplation and scholarly pursuits. Upon excavation, the site revealed its immense scale and architectural splendour, boasting enormous, magnificent buildings. Additionally, excavators unearthed artefacts such as copper and brass Buddha statues.

·       According to historical records, admission to Nalanda University involved a rigorous selection process, ensuring only the most capable students were accepted.

·       Regarded as Asia's and the world's premier university from the 7th century onward, Nalanda offered tuition, accommodation, and food to students free of charge, making education accessible to all without financial burden. Foreign travellers' accounts describe Nalanda University as having excellent living arrangements for its students.

·       Under the patronage of the Pala dynasty in the 8th and 9th centuries AD, Nalanda University achieved global renown. Its enduring impact is particularly evident in its substantial contributions to mathematics and astronomy. Notably, Aryabhata, the trailblazer of Indian mathematics and the originator of the concept of zero served as a distinguished teacher at Nalanda during the 6th century AD.

Nalanda University boasted three significant libraries- Ratnodadhi, Ratnasagar, and Ratranjaka-each housed in seven-storey buildings, collectively held over 9 million books. Scholars, researchers, and visitors from afar continuously frequented these libraries. Their extensive collections covered diverse subjects including medicine, Ayurveda, Buddhism, Mathematics, Grammar, Astronomy, and Indian Philosophy.

The Fall of Nalanda: Tragedy and Legacy

Nalanda's illustrious history is marred by a violent end, leaving behind a legacy of loss and prompting reflection on the fragility of such institutions. While the exact cause of Nalanda's decline is a subject of debate, the most significant factor is widely attributed to the invasion by Bakhtiyar Khilji, a Turkish general, around 1200 CE. He embarked on a series of conquests in eastern India. His primary motivation seems to have been plunder, and Nalanda, with its reputation for wealth and scholarship, became a prime target.

The once-flourishing university, a haven for scholars and students, was ransacked. Monks were reportedly massacred, and the famed libraries said to house countless texts on various subjects, were set ablaze. The destruction was so thorough that Nalanda never fully recovered.

While Khilji's invasion was the immediate cause, several factors might have contributed to Nalanda's vulnerability.

·       Political Instability: The decline of the Pala Empire, a long-time patron of Nalanda, created political instability in the region. This may have weakened the university's defences and made it an easier target.

·       Economic Downturn: Economic decline in the region may have hampered Nalanda's ability to maintain its lavish facilities and attract scholars.

Modern Rebirth: A New Chapter

Despite its tragic end, Nalanda's legacy continues to inspire. The revival of Nalanda University was initiated by former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam in 2006. This vision gained traction following the passage of the Nalanda University Bill in 2010, leading to its establishment at a temporary site near Rajgir in 2014. The foundation stone for its permanent campus in Pilkhi village, Rajgir, was laid by former President Pranab Mukherjee in 2016. While the new Nalanda cannot erase the losses of the past, it serves as a symbol of hope and a testament to the enduring power of learning. The infrastructural constructions were done in the new campus from 2017 to 2023. The celebrated architect

B.V. Doshi designed the eco- friendly architecture reflecting the Vaastu of the ancient Nalanda while integrating all modern amenities that match world standards.

The new campus is spreads over 455 acres, with more than 90 per cent of the buildings already constructed.It is a large carbon footprint-free Net-Zero campus, sprawling over acres of greens and 100 acres of water-bodies, truly an abode for learning.  Currently, 400 students from 17 countries are studying here. Diplomats from 17 countries studying at Nalanda University also attended the inauguration ceremony. This new campus will not only be a centre of education but also a global knowledge hub fostering dialogue and collaboration between different cultures and ideas. The revival of Nalanda University is a symbol of India's dedication to its knowledge tradition and will inspire generations to come.

A Beacon Rekindled: Nalanda University in the 21st Century

Nalanda University resurrected as a modern iteration of the historic centre of scholarship in Bihar, India, is poised for a promising future.

 Academic Excellence

·       Nalanda University is likely to continue developing and expanding its inter-disciplinary programmes, promoting a holistic approach to education that combines different fields of study.

·       With an emphasis on research, the university is expected to enhance its research facilities, encouraging cutting-edge research in areas such as humanities, sciences, and social sciences.

 Infrastructure Development

·       The university is expected to expand its infrastructure with state-of-the-art facilities, including advanced laboratories, libraries, and lecture halls to support academic activities.

·       The university's commitment to a Net Zero campus positions it as a leader in sustainable practices. We might see Nalanda develop innovative solutions for renewable energy, waste management, and eco-friendly infrastructure, inspiring other institutions.

·

 Global Collaboration

With its focus on Asian scholarship and its network of partner countries, Nalanda University has the potential to become a premier centre for international research and education exchange. The university will likely strengthen its collaborations with other prestigious institutions worldwide, facilitating student and faculty exchange programmes, joint research projects, and international conferences enriching the cultural and academic environment of the university.

 Technological Integration

·       Integration of digital technologies in the curriculum will be a priority, with more online courses, digital resources, and virtual classrooms to enhance the learning experience.

·       Adoption of innovative teaching methodologies, such as blended learning and flipped classrooms, will be emphasised to improve student engagement and learning outcomes.

 Cultural and Heritage Studies

·       Given its historical significance, the university is expected to emphasise Asian studies, including the history, culture, philosophy, and languages of the region.

·       Programmes and research dedicated to the preservation and study of cultural heritage will be a significant focus, reflecting the legacy of the ancient Nalanda University.

 Community Engagement

·       Nalanda University will continue to engage with local communities through outreach programmes, contributing to regional development and education.

The story of Nalanda serves as a stark reminder of the vulnerability of academic institutions in times of turmoil. It underscores the importance of safeguarding knowledge through various means, including digital archives and decentralised storage. Furthermore, fostering tolerance and understanding across different cultures and religions can create a more secure environment for scholarship. As Nalanda welcomes students from across the world, its classrooms transform into crucibles of collaboration, where diverse perspectives ignite innovation and solutions for a brighter tomorrow. The torch of knowledge, rekindled at Nalanda, promises to illuminate the path for generations to come. This is not just a university; it's a testament to the enduring human spirit's pursuit of learning and a symbol of hope for a more peaceful and prosperous future.

(Compiled by Sudhit Mishra, Navya Saxena, EN Team)